Review Article
Aminonaphthoquinone: A Versatile Synthon for the Synthesis of Naphthoquinone-fused N-heterocycles via Multicomponent Reactions (MCRs)
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 2, December 2025
Pages:
26-40
Received:
25 May 2025
Accepted:
11 June 2025
Published:
28 August 2025
Abstract: The naphthoquinone-fused N-heterocycles are found in natural products and are important candidates in medicinal chemistry. The 1, 3-C, N-binucleophilic property of the 2-aminonaphthoquinone provides access for the synthesis of naphthoquinone-fused N-heterocycles. In recent years this property of 2-aminonaphthoquinone has been acknowledged greatly by the synthetic community for construction of variably dubstituted naphthoquinone-fused N-heterocycles. This review summarizes the important findings in this area during 2019-2024. Also the review highlights the gap and future perspective of the approach.
Abstract: The naphthoquinone-fused N-heterocycles are found in natural products and are important candidates in medicinal chemistry. The 1, 3-C, N-binucleophilic property of the 2-aminonaphthoquinone provides access for the synthesis of naphthoquinone-fused N-heterocycles. In recent years this property of 2-aminonaphthoquinone has been acknowledged greatly b...
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Research Article
Triple Cascade Synthesis of Dihydropyrimidones Using Lawsone and Heterocyclic Scaffolds with a Zinc Acetate Catalyst: Dyeing Efficiency on Nylon and Polyester Fabrics
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 2, December 2025
Pages:
41-54
Received:
13 September 2025
Accepted:
22 September 2025
Published:
14 October 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajhc.20251002.12
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Abstract: This report presents an efficient triple cascade protocol for synthesizing new disperse dyes derived from different heterocyclic scaffolds, urea, and lawsone. This study proposes a novel modification protocol for disperse dyes that enhances their affinity for nylon substrates through the use of Zinc acetate catalyst, without inducing structural changes in the nylon fibers. Zinc acetate, which is favored due to its low-priced, low toxicity, and environmental benefits, has emerged as a valuable catalyst for this reaction. Triple cascade reactions (TCRs) represent a pivotal strategy in modern synthetic chemistry for the efficient construction of diverse organic molecules, owing to their high atom economy, operational simplicity, and environmentally benign nature. The recently synthesized disperse dyes demonstrate excellent dyeing properties on mutually nylon and polyester fibers. The Experimental finding demonstrated that the newly established dispersed dye had a significant effect on the dyeing performance and overall coloration properties of the substrates. The novel dyes show superior dyeing properties compared to lawsone, especially in term of vibrant shades, higher affinity, improved adsorption capacity and advanced tinctorial strength. Additionally, the percentage exhaustion, fixation, color strength (K/S), washing fastness & sublimation fastness properties are notably better in nylon-dyed samples than in polyester. These findings highlight the significant potential of these novels disperse dyes for nylon & polyester fiber. With commercialization, these dyes could provide a better alternative to conventional disperse dyes, offering broader benefits across various industries.
Abstract: This report presents an efficient triple cascade protocol for synthesizing new disperse dyes derived from different heterocyclic scaffolds, urea, and lawsone. This study proposes a novel modification protocol for disperse dyes that enhances their affinity for nylon substrates through the use of Zinc acetate catalyst, without inducing structural cha...
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Research Article
How the European Union & the United States Tackle the Regulatory Challenges of PFAS - A Push for International Cooperation
Jessica Lee Williams
,
Chris Wold*
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 2, December 2025
Pages:
55-70
Received:
19 March 2025
Accepted:
15 April 2025
Published:
18 October 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajhc.20251002.13
Downloads:
Views:
Abstract: This research explores the latest approaches to regulating per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) domestically in the United States and compares these methods to those utilized internationally, particularly in Europe. PFAS, often referred to as "forever chemicals" due to their persistence in the environment, have become a significant concern due to their adverse effects on human health and the environment. These substances are found in a wide range of consumer products and industrial processes, leading to widespread contamination of water, soil, and wildlife. In the U.S., regulations surrounding PFAS have been slow to evolve, with patchwork state-level efforts and federal inaction creating gaps in enforcement and protection. In a comparative approach, this research seeks to provide insights into the effectiveness of the various regulatory frameworks in place internationally. Europe, particularly the European Union, has taken more proactive steps in regulating PFAS, with stricter limits on the substances, ongoing research into their effects, and initiatives to promote cleaner alternatives. By examining the successes and challenges faced by these international efforts, readers will gain a clearer understanding of what might be the most promising path forward for the United States. One key takeaway from this comparison is the potential for international cooperation to address environmental issues that transcend national borders. This paper suggests that the U.S. could benefit significantly from adopting a similar approach to the European Union, aligning its policies with international standards to prevent further environmental and public health degradation. One of the most significant barriers to comprehensive environmental policy in the U.S. is often economic. Thus, the central question explored in this research is: Can a nation be held liable for long-persisting pollutants like PFAS, and what steps should be taken to ensure accountability in addressing these contaminants?
Abstract: This research explores the latest approaches to regulating per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) domestically in the United States and compares these methods to those utilized internationally, particularly in Europe. PFAS, often referred to as "forever chemicals" due to their persistence in the environment, have become a significant concern du...
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